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action or later. Please see Debugging in WordPress for more information. (This message was added in version 6.7.0.) in /home3/wabhts0aayju/public_html/wp-includes/functions.php on line 6121Commonly cultivated and grows wild throughout Europe. I\u2019ll call this one \u201cEuropean elder\u201d for easy differentiation from the American wild subspecies.<\/p>\n
Similarly used<\/strong> ~ other blue\/black elders, formerly considered separate species, now considered subspecies of nigra<\/em><\/p>\n Probably also Dwarf Elder (S. <\/em>ebulus<\/em>)<\/p>\n Generally NOT Red Elder (S. <\/em>racemosa<\/em>), which is more nauseating and toxic internally<\/p>\n Note that fresh berries and possibly flowers are incredibly nauseating and may be moderately toxic. Some people react more strongly to the nauseating properties though most people do not have an issue with the dried or cooked berries and flowers.<\/p>\n Less Commonly Used Parts<\/strong><\/p>\n These parts are more nauseating and are traditionally regarded toxic\/more toxic, especially fresh, tough Stephen Buhner feels differently and that dried plant decoctions are useful and more medicinal. I personally go with conventional wisdom and do not use these parts internally. Michael Moore warned that American species have higher levels of the potentially toxic, nauseating constituents compared to European elder.<\/p>\n Elder is somewhat unique in having all<\/em> of the following characteristics:<\/p>\n cooling, drying<\/p>\n I like to think of elderberries as a force field of protection when it comes to viral infections like the cold and flu (it may also help in early exposure to COVID-19, but we don\u2019t have data to support it). While elderberry could<\/em> generally safely be used daily as a preventatively and in acute illness, it\u2019s really most<\/em> appropriate when you\u2019re susceptible, likely to be exposed to germs, and\/or at the very first sign of infection. In these times it may avert an infection, or more likely, reduce the severity and speed up the recovery time.<\/p>\n Primarily from lab studies (which may or may not indicate what’s really happening in the human body when you ingest the herbs), we get some idea of how elderberry could be working. The prevailing belief is that elderberry blocks viruses from entering cells and limits their ability to replicate and spread by interacting directly with the virus\u2019 envelope and inhibiting its enzyme neuraminidase. This seems to lead to a less virulent infection and better, faster resolution, which coincides with clinical symptom. data. Flavonoid pigment-based anthocyanins cyanidin 3-glycoside and cyanidin 3-sambubioside appear to provide these anti-inflammatory, anti-viral activities. Higher and more regular doses provide better results.[1]<\/a>[2]<\/a> Standardized elderberry liquid extract has also been shown to have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria of Streptococcus pyogenes<\/em> and group C and G Streptococci<\/em>, and the Gram-negative bacterium Branhamella catarrhalis<\/em> in liquid cultures.[3]<\/a><\/p>\n Some herbalists refer to elder as an immune stimulant or immune modulator. Although there may be some validity to this in cancer care (for which the research is almost entirely based on highly preliminary lab tests), and a hint of it in some of the anti-viral lab tests, I personally don\u2019t consider elder to fit significantly into either of these categories. The activity appears to be primarily from the interaction of elder with viral cells, not via direct immune system activity. That said, a lot more human<\/em> research is needed to fully understand elder\u2019s exact actions in the body.<\/p>\n Elderberries have traditionally been used for coughs and respiratory conditions, usually in syrup form. However, much of the traditional medicinal use of elder revolves around the flowers (discussed further down), with the berries more often finding their way into pie, wine, and other foods as well as clothing dye.[4]<\/a> Various studies have also explored elderberry\u2019s use against cancer cells (primarily via lectin compounds), cardiometabolic health (primarily via pigments, as with many other blue-purple berries), etc.[5]<\/a> It should be noted that all of the below clinical trials were funded by the companies making the elderberry products.<\/p>\n For the record these are the only major human clinical trials on elderberry, and all of them were funded by companies that sell elderberry. I’m not saying the results aren’t valid – they do show simialr results and match what I personally see in myself, my family, my practice, and my students – but we still need to recognize the limitations. It would be great to have more (unbiased) human clinical trials.<\/p>\n R = Randomized; DB = Double-Blind; PC = Placebo Controlled; C = Controlled (not by placebo)<\/p>\n Personally, when I take elderberry syrup at the first signs of infection, I notice an immediate backing down of symptoms within about 15 to 30 minutes, which lasts a few hours. If I don\u2019t take another dose, I\u2019ll feel the symptoms creep back. Others have reported similar results. I personally vastly prefer Darcey Blue\u2019s recipe, which I make at home, which uses dried elderberries, elder flowers, ginger, and cinnamon infused in a combination of alcohol and hot water, strained, with honey and fresh lemon juice added (recipe in preparations and dose section). I do like the use of dried berries, made without excessive heat, well-strained of the potentially nauseating berry seeds, and the addition of the other useful ingredients. I personally do<\/em> get very nauseous and feel flu-like with Sambucol but not the recipe I use and make<\/a>.<\/p>\n Much has been floating around the herbal ethers, especially social media, warning people against taking elderberry due to potential concerns of up-regulating the immune system, causing cytokine storm, aggravating autoimmune disease flares, and possibly worsening the progression of COVID-19. Most of these articles are poorly written and backed (and even a bit hysterical).[11]<\/a> One of the better written and annotated articles raising these concerns is by Stephany Riley Hoffelt<\/a>[12]<\/a> \u2013 while I don\u2019t agree with her perspective, I think it\u2019s always nice to look at alternate viewpoints, especially since there\u2019s still much we don\u2019t know. Herbalists who specialize in working with clients with autoimmune disorders range from having never seen an issue with elderberry aggravating flares (such as Rosalee de la Foret<\/a>) to seeing it often cause problems (such as the \u201cBarefoot Dragonfly<\/a>\u201d). While I don\u2019t specialize in autoimmune disease, I personally have a mild autoimmune disease and many of my clients and students have autoimmune disease; and I have also never seen the elderberry syrup recipe I use and recommend cause a flare.<\/p>\n Personally, I think this is unlikely, overblown, and largely theoretical risk, but let\u2019s back up and explore the origin more\u2026<\/p>\n Concerns around elder and cytokine storm appear to come primarily from a small lab study on Sambucol for the flu. Here are the details of that study:<\/p>\n That\u2019s it. One lab study, which was coming from the perspective of this being<\/em> a beneficial effect and not at all related to cytokine storm.<\/p>\n So, what are cytokines?<\/strong> These are messengers of the immune system that are often inflammatory by nature that amp up the immune response. Some inflammation is part of a healthy immune response to infection and part of the reason why taking anti-inflammatory drugs like NSAIDs and steroids ultimately worsen the risk of infection or the slow healing response. Some inflammatory cytokine activity during infection is good, healthy, and normal most of the time.<\/p>\n What about cytokine storm,\u00a0 autoimmune disease, and COVID-19?<\/strong> Cytokine storm is a very rare but serious life-threatening condition in which cytokine up-regulation becomes excessive and overwhelms the body. There is some evidence that later stages of serious COVID-19 and the 1918 flu infection involved cytokine storm. At this stage of illness, the situation is dire and a person would be in an ICU, not at home sipping elderberry syrup. There is no direct evidence that elder would be more likely to encourage cytokine state.<\/a> We really have no idea whether elder would be a problem here or not in COVID-19, exacerbating disease and fatality risk, but many herbalists[13]<\/a> are recommending against<\/em> elder especially<\/em> in acute infection to err\u00a0 on the side of caution. Herbs that reduce or modulate inflammatory cytokines such as Baikal skullcap root, Chinese forsythia flowers, and honeysuckle flowers may be more appropriate in acute cases (this is based on data coming from China – I personally do not have experience with these herbs even though I “hear a lot of good things,” and they’re moderately hard to find in commerce.)\u00a0 and acute cases will generally require immediate medical attention<\/strong> as well.<\/p>\n Is elderberry pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory?<\/strong> Probably both, and it may depend on the individual person and individual situation. Interestingly, another study on atherosclerosis (a totally different health topic even if the cytokines are the same) determined that the combination of elderberry, violet herb, and calendula flowers had anti-cytokine\/anti-inflammatory activity.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n And remember, this elderberry info is just my take<\/em> based on what little<\/em> research we have and my personal experience – none of us have any idea how this will or won\u2019t work for COVID-19 and its exact mechanisms of action, it\u2019s all theoretical and based on just a few lab tests. (And we all know that what happens in a Petri dish dousing cells\/cultures with herbs directly does not aways correlate to the complex human body when you ingest an herb.) It is by no means Gospel. \ud83d\ude09<\/strong><\/p>\n I personally use elderberry and elderflower in combination in my homemade elder syrup. Elder flowers offer a variety of supportive benefits. The German Commission E approved elder flower for colds, as a diaphoretic, and to increase bronchial secretions. Elder flower also has mild relaxing, anti-inflammatory, nervine (nervous-system calming\/restorative), and mild diuretic and laxative properties.[15]<\/a>[16]<\/a><\/p>\n Diaphoretic<\/strong>: Elder flowers gently increase sweating (diaphoresis) to \u201cvent heat\u201d and assist the fever response in faster resolution of common viral and possibly bacterial infections. This is one of the better tasting and safer diaphoretic herbs, making it popular in children\u2019s formulas as well. It\u2019s particularly popular for dry fevers in children.[17]<\/a> Other herbal diaphoretics include yarrow aerial parts, ginger root, boneset aerial parts, and peppermint. A tea made of elder flower, yarrow, and peppermint is a popular folk remedy for colds and the flu; Traditional Medicinal\u2019s Gypsy Cold Care tea is based on this blend with additional ingredients. Michael Moore recommend caution using elder flower in children with a history of high fevers and convulsions because elder may raise fever slightly before lowering it.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n Anti-Histamine and Allergy Support:<\/strong> Elder flower helps tone the mucus membrane in the nose and throat and may offer antihistamine-like activity for seasonal allergies, colds, congestion, congestion-related earache, sinusitis, and upper respiratory infections both acutely and prophylactically. This is popular as a tea or dry flower tincture.[19]<\/a><\/p>\n Mildly Better Symptom Resolution in Acute Viral Rhinosinusitus:<\/strong> Over the course of 15 days, people taking a European dry herb extract blend of elder flower, sorrel, verbena, primula, and gentian in the ratio of 3:3:3:3:1 had moderately better symptom improvement compared to the placebo group.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n This plant is pretty easy to grow from young sapling. It will grow slowly at first until it gets established, then explode with growth. Don\u2019t be surprise if deer munch on it in the early years; consider protecting it, but don\u2019t worry about that too much. It prefers full to part-sun and will produce better in sunnier locations. It prefers moist, rich soil and wet feet, but it can adapt to drier locations. It takes a few years for it to get established and begin producing prolific flowers and berries. Birds love to eat the berries, and if sometimes the berries drop before they fully ripen (this may be due to a lack of soil fertility).<\/p>\n Watch for poison ivy and respect the habitats and wild forage this shrub provides for wildlife \u2013 leave plenty<\/em> behind. Both the flowers and berries have a short season, so be attentive to catch them on the right day. Ideally, find a stand that you can \u201csteward\u201d and watch year to year to ensure that your harvest are not negatively impacting its production. Avoid harvesting from polluted areas such as roadsides or questionable watersheds or near locations that may be sprayed with chemicals (such as near train tracks, underneath power lines, or near conventional farms).<\/p>\n Harvest flowers<\/strong> when they are in peak bloom. Here in New Hampshire, this is typically late June. Plants located in sunny locations will have better-tasting\/smelling and more prolific blooms. Trim flowering tops, dry thoroughly (preferably in a dehydrator), then pull the dried blossoms off the stems with a fork. It\u2019s ok if a few small flower stems get through, but aim to have as little of this as possible without going insane.<\/p>\n Harvest berries<\/strong> in late summer\/early autumn when they\u2019re rip, deeply blue-black-purple, often drooping with weight. They\u2019re at peak only for a short time, and birds quickly swoop in to get them. You may want to drape a bird net over your elder bush before it ripens. You can manually remove the berries from the stems on the bush into a bucket or cut off berry tops to process at home. Once again, a fork comes in handy to remove the berries, fresh or dry. Cook fresh or dry in a dehydrator for use.<\/p>\n Tea (berry or flower): 1<\/strong> teaspoon of dried flowers and\/or berries per cup of hot water infused,\u00a0 1-3 cups daily<\/p>\n Tincture (flower):<\/strong> Dried flowers 1:5 in 50-60 percent alcohol. 1-3 ml daily. Berries could be made and taken similarly, but I don\u2019t care for berry tincture and find syrups more enjoyable and stable.<\/p>\n Syrup, Oxymel, or Glycerite (berry especially, also flower)<\/strong>: \u00bd to 1 teaspoon taken daily, or every few hours at the onset of an infection<\/p>\n Here\u2019s a link<\/a> to my favorite elderberry syrup, tea<\/a>, and oxymel recipes.<\/strong><\/p>\n Jam, cooked juice, wine, and cordials<\/strong> are popular as well. I recommend straining seeds well from the final product though not everyone does.<\/p>\n I personally do not<\/em> use the leaves for medicine internally, though Stephen Buhner<\/strong><\/a> does use the dried leaf decoction. I’m a cautious person and not comfortable with the nausea and toxicity potential. Buhner is an amazing researcher and I do respect his work, but it should be noted that he mainly. extrapolates from highly preliminary research (often lab studies done in Petri dishes), often without clinical experience, leading to recommendations for herbs that have\u00a0 little to no clinical evidence and are very hard to find in commerce. In the case of elder leaf, there is some historical evidence from the Eclectics for its use, but I am personally not comfortable using it.<\/p>\n The raw elder plant (including berries) contains cyanogenic glycosides including sambunigrin that are hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide in the gastrointestinal tract. Poisoning and hospitalization occurred from individuals who drank raw berry juice made with wild Mexican blue elder (S. nigra<\/em> ssp. cerulea<\/em>, formerly S. mexicana<\/em>)[21]<\/a>. Smaller amounts may be tolerated or cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Cooking or drying the berries or flowers renders them completely safe. The fruit contains the lowest quantity of the cyanogenic glycosides, and quantities can vary based on growing conditions. Cooking is the most scientifically recognized method to eliminate the volatile cyanogenic glycosides,[22]<\/a> though drying the berries and straining out the seeds from your final preparation may also reduce nausea and toxicity.[23]<\/a>[24]<\/a> Unripe berries may be particularly problematic.[25]<\/a> The roots, barks, and leaves are generally not recommended ingested in any form due to increased potential for toxicity, though a few herbalists disagree. Some people are more sensitive to the nauseating effects of elder in all its forms. Allergy is possible but rare.[26]<\/a> The flowers are considered to be the safest part of elder, then the ripe berry flesh. Seeds can aggravate the gastrointestinal system, and unripe berries should be avoided.[27]<\/a>[28]<\/a><\/p>\n Michael Moore noted that the wild American elder species contain higher levels of the potentially toxic and nauseating sambusine. While he used the dried berries and flowers (and, less commonly, dried leaves) comfortably, he urged against the European tradition of elder bark and roots with our wild American species.[29]<\/a> This variation among elder species (now taxonomically considered subspecies rather than distinct species) from Europe versus America may be why European herbalists are more dismissive of elder\u2019s nausea and toxicity concerns compared to American herbalists.<\/p>\n Red elder is not recommended for ingestion and has been associated with the death of children using the stems to make blow guns.[30]<\/a><\/p>\n * These are handy resources, but it should be noted that the authors are associated with herbal products manufacturing.<\/em><\/p>\n Identification Resources<\/strong><\/p>\n Since elder is a shrub, it is not listed in most plant ID guides. It won\u2019t be in many wildlflower identification guides (most of which stick to plants that die back completely in winter). It also won\u2019t be in many tree guides since it\u2019s not usually big enough to be considered a tree.\u00a0 However, it is listed in Newcomb\u2019s<\/em> and Audubon<\/em> wildflower guides, which include showy flowering shrubs.<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Summer 2017 Interfering With Lipid Raft Association: A Mechanism to Control Influenza Virus Infection By Sambucus Nigra. Shahla Shahsavandi, Mohammad Majid Ebrahimi, Ameneh Hasaninejad Farahani. Iran J Pharm Res<\/em>, 16 (3), 1147-1154. PMID: 29201101\u00a0 PMCID: PMC5610768 Abstract<\/a> and Full Text<\/a><\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Binding of a Natural Anthocyanin Inhibitor to Influenza Neuraminidase by Mass Spectrometry. Kavya Swaminathan, Jeffrey C Dyason, Andrea Maggioni, Mark von Itzstein, Kevin M Downard. Anal Bioanal Chem<\/em>, 405 (20), 6563-72\u00a0 Aug 2013 PMID: 23748498 Abstract<\/a> and Full Text<\/a><\/p>\n\n
\nCommon in the wild in Northeast and across the US east of the Rockies<\/li>\nParts Used<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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<\/p>\n
Identifying Black and American Black Elder<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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Energetics<\/strong><\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
Medicinal Uses<\/h2>\n
ElderBERRY to Support Resistance to Infections<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Clinical Trial Highlights<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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Examples of times I like to use elderberry:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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When elderberry is LESS appropriate:<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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Concerns About Elderberry, Cytokine Storm, Autoimmune Disease & Covid-19<\/strong><\/h4>\n
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<\/p>\n
Elder FLOWER’s Diverse and Often Overlooked Benefits<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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Growing, Harvesting, Wildcrafting, Preparation, and Dose<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Cultivating Elder<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Wildcrafting Elder
\n<\/strong><\/h4>\nHarvesting & Processing<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Preparation & Dose<\/strong><\/h4>\n
Cautions<\/strong><\/h3>\n
Resources:<\/strong><\/h3>\n
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Studies and Other Annotated Sources<\/strong><\/h3>\n